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DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20130215
DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20130216
DTSTAMP:20260426T124056
CREATED:20190213T084720Z
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UID:2347-1360886400-1360972799@www.ilcb.fr
SUMMARY:Decomposition makes things worse: A discrimination learning approach to the time course of understanding compounds in reading by Harald Baayen
DESCRIPTION:Decomposition makes things worse: A discrimination learning approach to the time course of understanding compounds in reading by (Eberhard Karls University\, Tübingen\, Allemagne)\nThe current literature on morphological processing is dominated by the view that reading a complex word is a two-staged process\, with an early blind morphemic decomposition process followed by a late process of semantic recombination (Taft\, 2004; Rastle and Davis\, 2008a). Various behavioral and magneto- and electroencephalography studies suggest semantic recombination would take place approximately 300-500 ms post onset of the visual stimulus (Lavric et al.\, 2007). However\, eye-tracking studies show that both simple and complex words are read at a rate of 4 to 5 words/second (Rayner\, 1998). We report an eye-tracking experiment tracing the reading of English compounds in simple sentences. For about 33% of the trials\, a single fixation sufficed for understanding the meaning of the compound. For such trials\, the meaning of the compound was available already some 140 ms after the eye first landed on the modifier. All first fixations also revealed an effect of the semantic relatedness of the modifier and head constituents\, gauged with a latent\nsemantic analysis (LSA) similarity measure. These results indicate a much earlier involvement of semantics than predicted by the first-form-then-meaning scenario. Second and subsequent fixation durations revealed that at later processing stages very different semantic processes were involved\, gauged by modifier-compound and head-compound LSA similarity measures. Computational modeling of the first fixation with naive discrimination learning (Baayen et al.\, 2011) indicated that the early (and only the early) semantic effect arises due to the model's connection weights' sensitivity to the collocational co-occurence statistics of orthographic and semantic information carried by word trigrams. We understand the LSA effects arising at later fixations as\nreflecting semantic processes seeking to resolve the uncertainty about the targeted meaning that arises as an unintended and time-costly side effect of later fixations causing the head's meaning to be co-activated along with the compound's meaning. Instead of viewing blind morphological decomposition as the gateway through which meaning can be reached\, we think that when the meaning of the head becomes available\, due to the (non-morphological) nature of visual information uptake when the initial landing position of the eye is non-optimal\, understanding comes with greater cognitive costs: Decomposition makes things worse. We speculate that the late semantic effects in the electrophysiological literature\, especially those around the N400 time window\, reflect late semantic cleaning operations.
URL:https://www.ilcb.fr/event/decomposition-makes-things-worse-a-discrimination-learning-approach-to-the-time-course-of-understanding-compounds-in-reading-by-harald-baayen/
LOCATION:Salle des voûtes\, St Charles\, 3 place Victor Hugo\, Marseille\, 13001\, France
CATEGORIES:Seminars
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DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Paris:20130215T110000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Paris:20130215T130000
DTSTAMP:20260426T124056
CREATED:20190213T084918Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20190213T084920Z
UID:2349-1360926000-1360933200@www.ilcb.fr
SUMMARY:Simplicity and Expressivity Compete in Cultural Evolution : Linguistic Structure is the Result by Simon KIRBY
DESCRIPTION:Simplicity and Expressivity Compete in Cultural Evolution : Linguistic Structure is the Result by Simon KIRBY (University of Edinburgh\, UK)\nLanguage\, like other human behaviours\, exhibits striking systematic structure. For example\, two central design features of human language are the way in which sentences are composed of recombinable words\, and the way in which those words in turn are created out of combinations of reusable sounds. These properties make language unique among communication systems and enable us to convey an open-ended array of messages.\n\nRecently\, researchers have turned to cultural evolution as a possible mechanism to explain systematic structure such as this in language. In this talk\, I will briefly present a series of experiments and a computational model that demonstrate why this is a promising avenue for research. Using diffusion chain methods in the laboratory\, we can observe how behaviour evolves as it is transmitted through repeated cycles of learning and production (a process known as ""iterated learning""). Across a wide range of experimental contexts\, we observe an apparent universal: behaviour transmitted by iterated learning becomes increasingly compressible. When combined with a pressure to also be expressive\, this may be sufficient to deliver up the structural design features of language.\n\nAlthough this work is focussed on human language as a test case\, the conclusions are quite general. Cultural transmission by iterated learning is an adaptive process that delivers systematic structure for free.
URL:https://www.ilcb.fr/event/simplicity-and-expressivity-compete-in-cultural-evolution-linguistic-structure-is-the-result-by-simon-kirby/
LOCATION:Salle des voûtes\, St Charles\, 3 place Victor Hugo\, Marseille\, 13001\, France
CATEGORIES:Seminars
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