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BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Paris:20121221T080000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Paris:20121221T170000
DTSTAMP:20260409T181729
CREATED:20190213T085044Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20190213T085046Z
UID:2351-1356076800-1356109200@www.ilcb.fr
SUMMARY:Quantitative models of early language acquisition by Emmanuel Dupoux
DESCRIPTION:Quantitative models of early language acquisition by Emmanuel Dupoux\nThe past 40 years of psycholinguistic research has shown that infants learn their first language at an impressive speed. During the first year of life\, even before they start to talk\, infants converge on the basic building blocks of the phonological structure of their language. Yet\, the mechanisms that they use to achieve this early phonological acquisition are still not well known. We show that a modeling approach based on machine learning algorithms and speech technology applied to large speech databases can help to shed light on the early pattern of development. First\, we argue that because of acoustic variability\, phonemes cannot be acquired directly from the acoustic signal; only highly context dependent and talker dependent phones or phones fragments can be extracted in a bottom-up way. Second\, words cannot be acquired directly from the acoustic signal either\, but a small number of protowords or sentence fragments can be extracted on the basis of repetition frequency. Third\, these two kinds of protolinguistic units can interact with one another in order to converge with more abstract units. The proposal is therefore that the different levels of the phonological system are acquired in parallel\, through increasingly more precise approximations. This accounts for the largely overlapping development of lexical and phonological knowledge during the first year of life.
URL:https://www.ilcb.fr/event/quantitative-models-of-early-language-acquisition-by-emmanuel-dupoux/
LOCATION:Salle des voûtes\, St Charles\, 3 place Victor Hugo\, Marseille\, 13001\, France
CATEGORIES:Seminars
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Paris:20121123T160000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Paris:20121123T180000
DTSTAMP:20260409T181729
CREATED:20190213T085209Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20190213T085215Z
UID:2353-1353686400-1353693600@www.ilcb.fr
SUMMARY:Cartographie des fonctions du Langage par stimulation électrique corticale by Jean-François Demonet
DESCRIPTION:Cartographie des fonctions du Langage par stimulation électrique corticale by Jean-François Demonet
URL:https://www.ilcb.fr/event/cartographie-des-fonctions-du-langage-par-stimulation-electrique-corticale-by-jean-francois-demonet/
LOCATION:Salle des voûtes\, St Charles\, 3 place Victor Hugo\, Marseille\, 13001\, France
CATEGORIES:Seminars
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Paris:20121029T100000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Paris:20121029T170000
DTSTAMP:20260409T181729
CREATED:20190213T085405Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20190213T085408Z
UID:2355-1351504800-1351530000@www.ilcb.fr
SUMMARY:Sound change and its relationship to variation in production and categorization in perception by Jonathan Harrington
DESCRIPTION:Sound change and its relationship to variation in production and categorization in perception by Jonathan Harrington (Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing\, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich\, Germany)\nIn some models (Lindblom et al\, 1995; Bybee\, 2002)\, sound change is associated with the type of synchronic reduction that occurs in prosodically weak and semantically predictable contexts. In other models (Ohala\, 1993)\, sound change can be brought about through listeners’ misperception of coarticulation in speech production. The talk will draw upon both models in order to explore whether coarticulatory misperception is more likely in prosodically weak contexts. In order to do so\, the magnitude of trans-consonantal vowel coarticulation was investigated in /pV1pV2l/ non-words with the pitch-accent falling either on the first or second syllable and in which V1 = /ʊ\, ʏ/ and V2 = /e\, o/. The analysis of these words produced by 20 L1-German speakers showed that prosodic weakening caused vowel undershoot in /ʊ/ but had little effect on V2-on-V1 coarticulation. In a perception experiment\, a V1 = /ʊ-ʏ/ continuum was synthesised and the same speakers made forced choice judgements to the same non-words with the prosody manipulated such that stress was perceived on V1 or on V2. Listeners compensated for V2-on-V1 coarticulation; however\, the magnitude of compensation was less in the prosodically weak than in the strong context. The general conclusion is that segmental context influences both the dynamics of speech production and perceptual categorization\, but not always in the same way: it is this divergence between the two which may be especially likely in prosodically weak contexts and which may\, in turn\, facilitate sound change.\n\nReferencesBybee\, J. (2002). Word frequency and context of use in the lexical diffusion of phonetically conditioned sound change. Language Variation Change\, 14\, 261–290. Lindblom\, B.\, Guion\, S.\, Hura\, S.\, Moon\, S. J.\, and Willerman\, R. (1995). Is sound change adaptive? Rivista di Linguistica\, 7\, 5–36. Ohala\, J. J. (1993). Sound change as nature’s speech perception experiment. Speech Communication\, 13\, 155–161.
URL:https://www.ilcb.fr/event/sound-change-and-its-relationship-to-variation-in-production-and-categorization-in-perception-by-jonathan-harrington/
LOCATION:Salle de conférences\, 5 avenue Pasteur\, Aix-en-Provence\, 13100\, France
CATEGORIES:Seminars
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Paris:20121019T160000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Paris:20121019T180000
DTSTAMP:20260409T181729
CREATED:20190213T085510Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20190213T085555Z
UID:2357-1350662400-1350669600@www.ilcb.fr
SUMMARY:The communicative basis of word order by Ted GIBSON
DESCRIPTION:The communicative basis of word order by Ted GIBSON (MIT)\nSome recent evidence suggests that subject-object-verb (SOV) may be the default word order for human language. For example\, SOV is the preferred word order in a task where participants gesture event meanings (Goldin-Meadow et al. 2008). Critically\, SOV gesture production occurs not only for speakers of SOV languages\, but also for speakers of SVO languages\, such as English\, Chinese\, Spanish (Goldin-Meadow et al. 2008) and Italian (Langus & Nespor\, 2010). The gesture-production task therefore plausibly reflects default word order independent of native language. However\, this leaves open the question of why there are so many SVO languages (41.2% of languages; Dryer\, 2005). We propose that the high percentage of SVO languages cross-linguistically is due to communication pressures over a noisy channel (Jelinek\, 1975; Brill & Moore\, 2000; Levy et al. 2009). In particular\, we propose that people understand that the subject will tend to be produced before the object (a near universal cross-linguistically; Greenberg\, 1963). Given this bias\, people will produce SOV word order – the word order that Goldin-Meadow et al. show is the default – when there are cues in the input that tell the comprehender who the subject and the object are. But when the roles of the event participants are not disambiguated by the verb\, then the noisy channel model predicts either (i) a shift to the SVO word order\, in order to minimize the confusion between SOV and OSV\, which are minimally different; or (ii) the invention of case marking\, which can also disambiguate the roles of the event participants. We test the predictions of this hypothesis and provide support for it using gesture experiments in English\, Japanese and Korean. We also provide evidence for the noisy channel model in language understanding in English.
URL:https://www.ilcb.fr/event/the-communicative-basis-of-word-order-by-ted-gibson/
LOCATION:Salle des voûtes\, St Charles\, 3 place Victor Hugo\, Marseille\, 13001\, France
CATEGORIES:Seminars
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Paris:20121019T110000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Paris:20121019T120000
DTSTAMP:20260409T181729
CREATED:20190213T085734Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20190213T085736Z
UID:2359-1350644400-1350648000@www.ilcb.fr
SUMMARY:Evelina FEDORENKO
DESCRIPTION:Evelina FEDORENKO (MIT)\n\n\nWhat cognitive and neural mechanisms do we use to understand language? Since Broca's and Wernicke's seminal discoveries in the 19th century\, a broad array of brain regions have been implicated in linguistic processing spanning frontal\, temporal and parietal lobes\, both hemispheres\, and subcortical and cerebellar structures. However\, characterizing the precise contribution of these different structures to linguistic processing has proven challenging. In this talk I will argue that high-level linguistic processing - including understanding individual word meanings and combining them into more complex structures/meanings - is accomplished by the joint engagement of two functionally and computationally distinct brain systems. The first is comprised of the classic “language regions” on the lateral surfaces of left frontal and temporal lobes that appear to be functionally specialized for linguistic processing (e.g.\, Fedorenko et al.\, 2011; Monti et al.\, 2009\, 2012). And the second is the fronto-parietal ""multiple demand"" network\, a set of regions that are engaged across a wide range of cognitive demands (e.g.\, Duncan\, 2001\, 2010). Most past neuroimaging work on language processing has not explicitly distinguished between these two systems\, especially in the frontal lobes\, where subsets of each system reside side by side within the region referred to as “Broca’s area” (Fedorenko et al.\, in press). Using methods which surpass traditional neuroimaging methods in sensitivity and functional resolution (Fedorenko et al.\, 2010; Nieto-Castañon & Fedorenko\, in press; Saxe et al.\, 2006)\, we are beginning to characterize the important roles played by both domain-specific and domain-general brain regions in linguistic processing.
URL:https://www.ilcb.fr/event/evelina-fedorenko/
LOCATION:Salle des voûtes\, St Charles\, 3 place Victor Hugo\, Marseille\, 13001\, France
CATEGORIES:Seminars
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Paris:20121012T160000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Paris:20121012T173000
DTSTAMP:20260409T181729
CREATED:20190213T085917Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20190213T085920Z
UID:2361-1350057600-1350063000@www.ilcb.fr
SUMMARY:Rudiments de langage chez les primates non-humains ? by Alban LEMASSON
DESCRIPTION:Rudiments de langage chez les primates non-humains ? by Alban LEMASSON (Université de Rennes 1\, Institut universitaire de France)\nLa communication vocale des primates non-humains a longtemps été considérée comme déterminée uniquement génétiquement et émotionnellement\, encourageant les théoriciens de l’origine du langage humain à en rechercher les précurseurs ailleurs\, notamment dans les gestes des grands singes. Pourtant\, les études menées au cours des dix dernières années\, particulièrement sur les cris des cercopithèques forestiers\, démontrent un parallèle avec plusieurs caractéristiques fondamentales du langage (p.ex. sémantique\, affixation\, syntaxe\, prosodie\, conversation\, accommodation et convergence vocale). Les différences entre le langage humain et la communication vocale des singes\, qui sont des actes sociaux comparables\, seraient donc plus d’ordre quantitatif que qualitatif
URL:https://www.ilcb.fr/event/rudiments-de-langage-chez-les-primates-non-humains-by-alban-lemasson/
LOCATION:Salle des voûtes\, St Charles\, 3 place Victor Hugo\, Marseille\, 13001\, France
CATEGORIES:Seminars
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Paris:20120928T160000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Paris:20120928T180000
DTSTAMP:20260409T181729
CREATED:20190213T090101Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20190213T091625Z
UID:2363-1348848000-1348855200@www.ilcb.fr
SUMMARY:Not all skilled readers have cracked the code: The role of lexical expertise in skilled reading by Sally Andrews
DESCRIPTION:Not all skilled readers have cracked the code: The role of lexical expertise in skilled reading by Sally Andrews (University of Sydney)\nMost theories and computational models of skilled reading have been built upon average data for unselected samples of university students\, reflecting an implicit assumption that all skilled readers read in the same way. I will review evidence that challenges this assumption by demonstrating that individual differences in measures of written language proficiency predict systematic variability in both the early stages of lexical retrieval indexed by masked priming\, and in tasks assessing the contribution of lexical retrieval to sentence processing. These data highlight the critical role played by precise lexical representations in supporting optimally efficient reading.
URL:https://www.ilcb.fr/event/not-all-skilled-readers-have-cracked-the-code-the-role-of-lexical-expertise-in-skilled-reading-by-sally-andrews/
LOCATION:Salle des voûtes\, St Charles\, 3 place Victor Hugo\, Marseille\, 13001\, France
CATEGORIES:Seminars
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Paris:20120925T100000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Paris:20120925T120000
DTSTAMP:20260409T181729
CREATED:20190213T091826Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20190213T091850Z
UID:2365-1348567200-1348574400@www.ilcb.fr
SUMMARY:Entropy Reduction and Asian Language by John Hale
DESCRIPTION:Entropy Reduction and Asian Language by John Hale (Cornell University\, NY\, USA)\nThis talk presents a particular conceptualization of human language understanding as information processing. From this viewpoint\, understanding a sentence word-by-word is a kind of incomplete perception problem in which comprehenders over time become more certain about the linguistic structure of the utterance they are trying to understand. The Entropy Reduction hypothesis holds that the scale of these certainty-increases reflects psychological effort. This claim revives the application of information theory to psycholinguistics\, which languished since the 1950s. But in contrast to that earlier work\, modern applications of information theory to language-understanding now use generative grammars to specify the relevant structures and their probabilities. This representation makes it possible to apply standard techniques from computational linguistics to work out weighted ""expectations"" about as-yet-unheard words. The talk exemplifies the general theory using examples from Chinese\, Japanese & Korean. The prenomial character of relative clauses in these languages is an important test case for any general cognitive theory of sentence processing.
URL:https://www.ilcb.fr/event/entropy-reduction-and-asian-language-by-john-hale/
LOCATION:Salle de conférences\, 5 avenue Pasteur\, Aix-en-Provence\, 13100\, France
CATEGORIES:Seminars
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Paris:20120921T160000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Paris:20120921T180000
DTSTAMP:20260409T181729
CREATED:20190213T092120Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20190213T092132Z
UID:2367-1348243200-1348250400@www.ilcb.fr
SUMMARY:Si tous les chemins mènent à Rome\, ils ne se valent pas tous. Le problème d'accès lexical en production by Michael ZOCK
DESCRIPTION:Si tous les chemins mènent à Rome\, ils ne se valent pas tous. Le problème d’accès lexical en production by Michael ZOCK (Laboratoire d’Informatique Fondamentale\, CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université)\nTout le monde a déjà rencontré le problème suivant : on cherche un mot (ou le nom d'une personne) que l’on connaît\, sans être en mesure d’y accéder à temps. Les travaux des psychologues ont montré que les personnes se trouvant dans cet état savent énormément de choses concernant le mot recherché (sens\, nombre de syllabes\, origine\, etc.)\, et que les mots avec lequel ils le confondent lui ressemblent étrangement (lettre ou son initial\, catégorie syntaxique\, champ sémantique\, etc.). Mon objectif (à long terme) est de réaliser un programme tirant bénéfice de cet état de faits pour assister un locuteur ou rédacteur à (re)trouver le mot qu’il a sur le bout de la langue. À cette fin\, je prévois d’ajouter à un dictionnaire électronique existant un index d’association (collocations rencontrées dans un grand corpus). Autrement dit\, je propose de construire un dictionnaire analogue à celui des êtres humains\, qui\, outre les informations conventionnelles (définition\, forme écrite\, informations grammaticales) contiendrait des liens (associations)\, permettant de naviguer entre les idées (concepts) et leurs expressions (mots). Un tel dictionnaire permettrait donc l’accès à l’information recherchée soit par la forme (lexicale : analyse)\, soit par le sens (concepts : production)\, soit par les deux. Ma démarche est fondée sur plusieurs hypothèses. 1° Les stratégies de recherche dans notre dictionnaire mental dépendent\, bien entendu\, de la représentation des mots dans notre cerveau. Hélas\, on n'a toujours pas une carte précise de cette organisation. Quant à la recherche on pourrait dire qu'elle s'opère essentiellement sur deux axes : Le premier décrit le passage des idées à leurs expression (idées\, forme\, sons). Cette vision représente l'ordre naturel des « choses » : partant du sens on va vers l'expression (forme sonore ou graphique du mot) en passant par les concepts lexicaux (lèmmes dans la théorie de Levelt). Le deuxième axe est plus proche de ce qu'on peut considérer comme une forme d'organisation de mots. Il représente leur usage (fréquent/typique) dans le discours. C'est un graphe de co-occurences ou d'associations. Il y a donc deux idées complémentaires : (a) l'expression des idées au sens restreint (passage des concepts aux mots) et (b) les rôles que ces idées (concepts/mots) peuvent jouer dans le cadre d'une phrase (discours\, contextes possibles des mots). Ce contexte précise d'ailleurs souvent le sens des mots. Si le 1er axe représente la voie naturelle en production\, voie empruntée pratiquement en toutes circonstances (plan A)\, le 2ème axe (voie associative) est la voie de rechange (plan-B)\, utilisée en cas d'échec du plan A. Le premier processus est automatique (rapide et inconscient)\, tandis que le second est contrôlé\, donc lent est accessible à notre conscience. C'est lui qui m'intéresse\, car il reflète la situation dans laquelle un auteur se trouve lorsqu'il fait appel à un dictionnaire ou thesaurus. 2° Le dictionnaire mental est un vaste réseau dont les noeuds sont des concepts ou mots (lemmes ou expressions) et les liens essentiellement des associations. Etant donné que tout est lié\, tout peut être trouvén du moins en principe : il suffit de suivre des bons liens. Chercher un mot consisterait donc d?entrer dans ce réseau\, puis de suivre les liens pour (re)trouver le terme faisant obstruction. 3° Le dictionnaire mental est à la fois un dictionnaire et une encyclopédie. Etant donné que les mots sont utilisés pour coder des connaissances du monde\, ces dernières peuvent être sollicitées pour nous aider à retrouver le mot recherché (ainsi le terme 'baguette' pourrait-il être obtenu à partir de 'restaurant chinois' ou à partir de 'type de couvert'). Tout nous fera penser à qc\, tout est associé à qc. De ce fait\, tout est susceptible d'être évoqué par un terme lié\, fût-il indirect (chaîne associative; recherche à plusieurs pas). 4° Les informations permettant d'effectuer ce type de navigation (atlas sémantique) se trouvent non seulement dans notre cerveau\, mais aussi dans nos productions (manifestation linguistiques : phrases\, textes). Comme ces traces constituent une forme d'extériorisation de l'organisation des idées (concepts/mots) dans notre cerveau\, on peut s'en servir pour créer un modèle analogue. Ceci donnera un atlas ou une carte sémantique permettant alors aux auteurs de s'orienter pour trouver le mot qui leur fait (momentanément) défaut. Voici mon ambition. L’objectif de cet exposé est de montrer comment on pourrait construire une telle ressource et comment s'en servir.
URL:https://www.ilcb.fr/event/si-tous-les-chemins-menent-a-rome-ils-ne-se-valent-pas-tous-le-probleme-dacces-lexical-en-production-by-michael-zock/
LOCATION:Salle des voûtes\, St Charles\, 3 place Victor Hugo\, Marseille\, 13001\, France
CATEGORIES:Seminars
END:VEVENT
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