ILCB

Les dysfonctionnements phonétiques et/ou phonémiques dans l’aphasie, chez l’enfant et chez l’apprenant d’une langue seconde : Une tentative de simplification ? Erreurs, Contraintes structurales et/ou Stratégies Palliatives by Jean-Luc Nespoulous
2018-11-16 12:00 - 14:00 (Europe/Paris) | Salle des voûtes, St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, Marseille, 13001, France
Les dysfonctionnements phonétiques et/ou phonémiques dans l’aphasie, chez l’enfant et chez l’apprenant d’une langue seconde : Une tentative de simplification ? Erreurs, Contraintes structurales et/ou Stratégies Palliatives
La lésion cérébrale qui provoque une aphasie engendre certes ipso facto un déficit linguistique. Ce déficit ne se caractérise cependant pas, dans la très grande majorité des cas, chez ces patients, par une « perte de compétence », comme l’avait cru R. Jakobson sur la base de données cliniques rapportées par d’autres (K. Goldstein et A.R. Luria, en particulier) et très largement « sur-interprétées » par lui-même !
Il n’est qu’à voir, pour s’en convaincre, la variabilité des « erreurs » réalisées par un même patient (en situation de production de mots, par exemple) pour constater que ses productions sont la résultante de problèmes de « performance » ou de « traitement », souvent comparables à ceux que peut connaître, au quotidien quoique à un moindre degré, tout locuteur non-aphasique (Cf. les travaux de V. Fromkin (1973), M. Garrett (1980).
Nous tenterons, dans notre exposé, de montrer en quoi les « erreurs » produites par les aphasiques – aux plans phonétique et phonémique –, en dépit de leur variabilité intra-individuelle, inter-tâches… – se trouvent néanmoins contraintes par les propriétés structurales de leur langue maternelle.
Jean-Luc Nespoulous
(Professeur Emérite en Sciences du Langage Université de Toulouse Institut Universitaire de France)

Aligning ears and mouths: the consequences of synchronizing heard and spoken language by David Poeppel
2018-10-12 12:00 - 14:00 | Amphithéâtre de CERIMED, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005
12h Prof. David Poeppel, Max-Planck-Institute Frankfurt &New York University
• 13h Lunch
• Confirm attendance (mandatory) by sending an email to lunchtalks@ilcb.fr

Aligning ears and mouths: the consequences of synchronizing heard and spoken language

The brain has rhythms, and so does speech. It is a fortuitous outcome of recent research that the temporal structure of speech and the temporal organization of various brain structures align in systematic ways.
(One might ask, of course: how could it have been otherwise?)
The role that oscillatory activity might play in perception and cognition continues to be elucidated through experiments of various types.
An empirical observation that is now well established is that the auditory system reliably ‘entrains’ to the temporal modulations of speech - although the underlying mechanisms and the functional relevance remain vigorously debated.
Here I address the question of whether these widely discussed phenomena extend to the relation between perception and action.
How motor systems and perceptual systems interact has been a foundational question in psychology and neuroscience, and on the basis of new behavioral and neural experiments on sensorimotor synchronization,
I will argue against my own previous positions and demonstrate an unanticipated and compelling role for synchronization of speech through the ears and speech through the mouth.

Processing time with our auditory system by Christian Lorenzi
2018-09-21 12:00 - 15:00
• 12h Prof. Christian Lorenzi, CNRS & Ecole normale supérieure, Paris, France

Processing time with our auditory system

Debate on how speech information is represented in the auditory system has revolved around the role of two neural/perceptual features encoding the temporal modulations of the acoustic signal (the “temporal envelope”, ENV, and “temporal fine structure”, TFS), their relative contribution to intelligibility and how that might be degraded by lesions to the peripheral and central auditory system.

We will review psychophysical studies that investigated the development of ENV/TFS perception, the effects of cochlear and central lesions, and the relationship between ENV/TFS perception and speech intelligibility.

Our results suggest that: i) the processing of ENV and TFS is “functional” by 6 months, and fine-tuned by language exposure between 6 and 10 months, ii) ENV is more important for speech identification, whereas TFS is more important for the segregation of competing sound sources, iii) reduced ability to process ENV and/or TFS explains deficits typically associated with cochlear and central damage and ageing.

*References: *

Shamma, S., & Lorenzi, C. (2013). On the balance of envelope and temporal fine structure in the encoding of speech in the early auditory system. /Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 133, /2818-2833/./

Lorenzi, C., Debruille, L., Garnier, S., Fleuriot, P., & Moore, B.C.J. (2009). Abnormal auditory temporal processing for frequencies where absolute thresholds are normal. /Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125, 27-30./

Lorenzi, C., Gilbert, G., Carn, H., Garnier, S., & Moore, B.C.J. (2006). Speech perception problems of the hearing impaired reflect inability to use temporal fine structure. /Proceedings of the National Academy of Science/ /USA/, /103(49)/, 18866-18869.

Information-oriented and cross-language aspects on speech and cortical rhythms
2018-08-12 12:00 - 14:00 | Salle des voûtes, St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, Marseille, 13001, France
During the last two decades a growing body of evidence has shown a close relationship between temporal structure of speech and neural oscillatory activities, especially in the theta and gamma bands. More specifically, several recent models suggest that the neural capacity to track speech dynamics and rhythmic patterns is crucial for speech processing and understanding. However, it is well known that speech periodicity is limited and thus that the story is probably more complex than acknowledged previously.
François Pellegrino presented results of a cross-language comparison of 17 languages in terms of syllabic speech rate, Shannonian information rate and of their shared tendency to very unevenly distribute information among their segments and syllables. These results were discussed in the light of cortical rhythms in the theta band and I introduce a (very) speculative hypothesis stating that there may be a functional distinction between syllables whose role is to convey information and syllables whose role is to provide a rhythmic carrier entraining neural oscillations.
François Pellegrino works at CNRS & Université de Lyon, Dynamics of Language Lab UMR5596

The lunch talk was held at Salle des voûtes, St Charles, the 12/08/2018.

The Temporal Dynamics of Word Processing in Hearing and Deaf Readers by Phillip Holcomb
2018-05-18 12:00 - 14:00 | Salle de conférences, 5 avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
The Temporal Dynamics of Word Processing in Hearing and Deaf Readers
In my talk I will discuss a recent line of research in our lab where we are comparing electrophysiological measures of word processing in hearing and deaf adult readers. Because congenitally deaf adults acquire reading skills without the benefit of having first learned a spoken language they offer a unique contrast with hearing readers which allows certain hypotheses about the role of prior language experience on the mechanisms underlying visual word recognition to be tested.
Phillip Holcomb,
Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego (United States)

The Temporal Dynamics of Word Processing in Hearing and Deaf Readers by Phillip Holcomb
2018-05-18 08:00 - 17:00
The Temporal Dynamics of Word Processing in Hearing and Deaf Readers by Phillip Holcomb, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego (United States)
In my talk I will discuss a recent line of research in our lab where we are comparing electrophysiological measures of word processing in hearing and deaf adult readers. Because congenitally deaf adults acquire reading skills without the benefit of having first learned a spoken language they offer a unique contrast with hearing readers which allows certain hypotheses about the role of prior language experience on the mechanisms underlying visual word recognition to be tested.

The computational neuroanatomy of speech production in the context of a dual stream framework for language by Greg Hickok
2018-04-06 12:00 - 15:00 | Salle des voûtes, St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, Marseille, 13001, France
The computational neuroanatomy of speech production in the context of a dual stream framework for language by Greg Hickok (Dept. Cognitive Sciences & Language Science – University of California Irvine)
The dual stream framework for the cortical organization of language is grounded in evolutionary biology in that it proposes an organization that is homologous to that found in non-linguistic sensorimotor systems from which it is hypothesized to have evolved. While it was controversial when first proposed in the early 2000s, a substantial body of evidence now supports the basic claims. Significant progress has been made in working out the functional anatomy of the model, particularly the dorsal auditory-motor pathway, which will be the primary focus of this talk. I will provide a brief overview of the dual stream framework, show how well-established psycholinguistic models of speech production are neatly relatable to it, and then detail a decade of progress in understanding the neuroanatomy and some computational details of dorsal stream function. A major conclusion is that the integration of psycholinguistic and motor control models of speech production represents a promising new direction for research on the neurobiology of speech and language progressing, including its evolutionary origins.

ILCB Journée ILCB
2018-02-23 10:00 - 16:00 | Salle des voûtes, St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, Marseille, 13001, France
Vendredi 23/02
Campus St Charles, Salle des voûtes

10.00- 10.30
“Natural conversation between humans and artificial agents : Advances and neuroscientific insights”
(Birgit Rauchbauer & Matthieu Riou)

10.30-11.10
“Compensatory mechanisms and plasticity: evidence from language disorders”
(Ambre Denis-Noël, Alexia Fasola & Anna Marczyk)

11.15-11.40
COFFEE BREAK

11.40-12.20
“The effect of voice modulation in language evolution and acquisition”
(Axel Barrault, Clémentine Bodin & Piera Filippi)

12.20-13.10
“Higher-order representations in comprehension and production”
(Royce Anders, Tom Dagens, Raphaël Fargier & Joshua Snell)

13.10-16.00
LUNCH BUFFET AND POSTER SESSION WITH CONTRIBUTIONS OF ALL ILCB MEMBERS

Some recent developments in models of retrieval processes by Prof. Shravan Vasishth
2018-02-12 08:00 - 17:00
Some recent developments in models of retrieval processes by Prof. Shravan Vasishth (University of Potsdam)
In this talk, I will discuss some recent empirical and theoretical developments in cue-based retrieval theory [1-13]. I will begin by talking about what we know so far about the underlying mechanisms driving retrieval processes in sentence comprehension and the evidence for and against the cue-based retrieval account [14]. Then I will present some recent work showing that two alternative models of retrieval are viable candidate theories [15].

1. Richard L. Lewis and Shravan Vasishth. An activation-based model of sentence processing as skilled memory retrieval. Cognitive Science, 29:1-45, 2005.

2. Richard L. Lewis, Shravan Vasishth, and Julie Van Dyke. Computational principles of working memory in sentence comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(10):447-454, 2006.

3. Shravan Vasishth, Sven Bruessow, Richard L. Lewis, and Heiner Drenhaus. Processing Polarity: How the ungrammatical intrudes on the grammatical. Cognitive Science, 32(4):685-712, 2008.

4. Shravan Vasishth, Katja Suckow, Richard L. Lewis, and Sabine Kern. Short-term forgetting in sentence comprehension: Crosslinguistic evidence from head-final structures. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25(4):533-567, 2011.

5. Felix Engelmann, Shravan Vasishth, Ralf Engbert, and Reinhold Kliegl. A framework for modeling the interaction of syntactic processing and eye movement control. Topics in Cognitive Science, 5(3):452-474, 2013.

6. Lena A. Jäger, Zhong Chen, Qiang Li, Chien-Jer Charles Lin, and Shravan Vasishth. The subject-relative advantage in Chinese: Evidence for expectation-based processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 79-80:97-120, 2015.

7. Stefan L. Frank, Thijs Trompenaars, and Shravan Vasishth. Cross-linguistic differences in processing double-embedded relative clauses: Working-memory constraints or language statistics? Cognitive Science, page n/a, 2015.

8. Umesh Patil, Sandra Hanne, Frank Burchert, Ria De Bleser, and Shravan Vasishth. A computational evaluation of sentence comprehension deficits in aphasia. Cognitive Science, 40:5–50, 2016.

9. Molood Sadat Safavi, Samar Husain, and Shravan Vasishth. Dependency resolution difficulty increases with distance in Persian separable complex predicates: Implications for expectation and memory-based accounts. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 2016.

10. Umesh Patil, Shravan Vasishth, and Richard L. Lewis. Retrieval interference in syntactic processing: The case of reflexive binding in English. Frontiers in Psychology, 2016. Special Issue on Encoding and Navigating Linguistic Representations in Memory.

11. Felix Engelmann, Lena A. Jäger, and Shravan Vasishth. The effect of prominence and cue association in retrieval processes: A computational account. Manuscript (under revision), 2017.

12. Fuyun Wu, Elsi Kaiser, and Shravan Vasishth. Effects of early cues on the processing of Chinese relative clauses: Evidence for experience-based theories. 2017. In Press, Cognitive Science.

13. Paul Mätzig, Shravan Vasishth, Felix Engelmann, and David Caplan. A computational investigation of sources of variability in sentence comprehension difficulty in aphasia. In Proceedings of MathPsych/ICCM, Warwick, UK, 2017.

14. Lena A. Jäger, Felix Engelmann, and Shravan Vasishth. Similarity-based interference in sentence comprehension: Literature review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Journal of Memory and Language, 94:316-339, 2017.
https://github.com/vasishth/MetaAnalysisJaegerEngelmannVasishth2017

15. Bruno Nicenboim and Shravan Vasishth. Models of retrieval in sentence comprehension: A computational evaluation using Bayesian hierarchical modeling. 2017. Accepted, Journal of Memory and Language.
http://mc-stan.org/events/stancon2017-notebooks/stancon2017-nicenboim-vasishth-retrieval-models.html

*substitute for the Lunch Talk of October

Dendrophilia and the Biology of Language by Tecumseh Fitch
2018-01-30 12:00 - 14:00 | Amphithéâtre de CERIMED, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005
Dendrophilia and the Biology of Language : Phonological Continuity and Syntactic Discontinuity by Tecumseh Fitch (Dept. of Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Science – University of Vienna)
An understanding of both the neural mechanisms involved in language, and their evolutionary history, requires incisive comparisons between humans and nonhuman animals. Ideally, such comparisons are grounded in an explicit, computational framework encompassing both formal and neural components. I review work comparing humans with nonhuman primates, other mammals, and birds carried out in the last decades, much of it using artificial grammar learning to explore the perception of phonology and syntax. This research suggests the following two hypotheses: First, the phonological continuity hypothesis holds that sequential processing of syllables is supported by equivalent, homologous mechanisms in humans and other animals. This set of mechanisms allows combination via concatenation, and supports sequential processing at the finite-state (regular) computational level. Second, the dendrophilia hypothesis suggests that humans are unusual in our ability to process complex hierarchical structures in multiple domains (language, music, etc). These hierarchical abilities require computational power at the supra-regular level (above finite state), and supports the abstract structures needed for phrasal syntax and semantics. I propose that these general hierarchical abilities are supported neurally by the great enlargement of Broca’s area in our species, and the broadening of its connections to most of the parietal and temporal lobes. Broca’s region in humans acts as a domain-general “stack”, an auxiliary memory supporting supra-regular computation in both language and music.
Tecumseh Fitch

Alignment and prediction in conversational interactions by Prof. Martin Pickering
2017-11-10 12:00 - 15:00 | Salle de conférences, 5 avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
Alignment and prediction in conversational interactions by Prof. Martin Pickering (University of Edinburgh)

Deep learning models of perception and cognition by Marco Zorzi
2017-07-06 14:00 - 16:00 | Salle des voûtes, St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, Marseille, 13001, France
Deep learning models of perception and cognition by Marco Zorzi (University of Padova, Italy)
Deep learning in stochastic recurrent neural networks with many layers of neurons (“deep networks”) is a recent breakthrough in neural computation research. These networks build a hierarchy of progressively more complex representations of the sensory data through unsupervised learning. Using examples from research in my laboratory, I will show that deep learning models represent a major step forward for connectionist modeling in psychology and cognitive neuroscience. I will also focus on a new model of letter perception, which shows that learning written symbols can recycle the visual primitives of natural images, thereby requiring only limited domain-specific tuning.

Three decades of structural priming research: implications for syntactic representation, domain-specificity of syntax, and multilingualism by Robert Hartsuiker
2017-06-30 12:00 - 15:00 | Salle de conférences, 5 avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
Three decades of structural priming research: implications for syntactic representation, domain-specificity of syntax, and multilingualism
About thirty years ago, Kay Bock discovered structural priming, the tendency for speakers and listeners to recycle syntactic structures they have recently encountered. A recent meta-analysis of 70 published papers (Mahowald et al., 2017) shows that structural priming (as well as its enhancement by lexical overlap between prime and target sentence) is highly robust. Here, I look back at three decades of structural priming research, with a particular emphasis on the theoretical implications for syntactic representation, on the organization of the syntactic representations of multiples languages in multilinguals, and on the question of whether structural processing is domain-specific or is shared with other cognitive domains, such as music or math. I then look forward to an ongoing research line on the late acquisition of syntax in a second language. I will describe our account of this acquisition process, according to which syntactic representations start out as separate for each language but merge as the learner’s proficiency increases, and show the results of an artificial language learning study designed to test this account.

PLEASE REMEMBER:

-To plan for the lunch buffet, attendance must be confirmed by sending an email to lunchtalks@ilcb.fr

Please let us know if you have any dietary restrictions (vegetarian, allergies, etc.).

-Speaker suggestions (warmly encouraged) for September-June should be sent to lunchtalks@ilcb.fr

12.00-13.00 Talk (Salle de conférences, LPL) by Robert Hartsuiker (University of Ghent, Belgium)

Discourse Prosody and Sentence Processing in Prelingually Deaf Teenagers with Cochlear Implants by Katherine Demuth
2017-05-09 17:30 - 19:00 | Salle de conférences, 5 avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
Discourse Prosody and Sentence Processing in Prelingually Deaf Teenagers with Cochlear Implants by Katherine Demuth
17h30 LPL,

The past few years has seen major improvements in the early diagnosis of hearing loss, early intervention, and device improvements.
Much of the assessment of language development has focussed on the early years,
with assessment of hearing levels, intelligibility, vocabulary size,
and other standardized measure showing good to excellent attainment levels by many children fitted with both hearing aids and cochlear implants (CIs).
However, much less is known about the language abilities of school-aged children with hearing loss,
where many still experience challenges making themselves understood, understanding others, and fully engaging in social interaction.
This talk discusses results from two recent studies of discourse interactions and sentence processing by prelingually deaf teenage CI users,
showing that they are less interactive, exhibit a different use prosodic cues for certain discourse functions,
and are much slower at sentence processing than their normal hearing peers.
This raises many questions regarding the nature of their language model, and how it might be enhanced to achieve more efficient language processing and production.

Music and Language comprehension in the brain – a surprising connection by Richard Kunert
2017-04-28 14:00 - 17:00 | Salle des voûtes, St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, Marseille, 13001, France
Music and Language comprehension in the brain – a surprising connection by Richard Kunert (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen)
RiKunert@googlemail.com

14h Salle des voûtes,
fac St Charles, Pôle 3 C
How the comprehension of instrumental music and spoken or written language is implemented in the brain remains mysterious.
In this talk I present a new way to approach this issue.
In a series of studies we investigated music and language comprehension at the same time in order to gain insights into both.
Specifically, we asked whether these two kinds of stimuli are subserved by common neural circuitry despite their obvious differences.
It turns out that structural properties of language and instrumental music are both processed in a common brain area.
Does this truly imply shared structural processing or is this just a general effect related to attention?
It turns out that the effects of music on attention are actually limited.
Overall, the findings I will present suggest that music and language processing share very limited, and surprisingly specialized neural circuitry.
Overall, an interdisciplinary approach, as applied here, can open the way for asking ever more focused questions about brain organization.

Common ground for action-perception coupling and its consequences for speech processing
2017-02-09 11:00 - 12:30 | Salle de conférences, 5 avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
Common ground for action-perception coupling and its consequences for speech processing by Sonja A. Kotz (Dept. of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands & Dept. of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany)
Sonja.kotz@maastrichtuniversity.nl
11h
While the role of forward models in predicting sensory consequences of action is well anchored in a cortico-cerebellar interface, it is an open question whether this interface is action specific or extends to perceptual consequences of sensory input (e.g. Knolle et al., 2012; 2013 a&b). Considering the functional relevance of a temporo-cerebellar-thalamo-cortical circuitry that aligns with well known cerebellar-thalamo-cortical connectivity patterns, one may consider that cerebellar computations apply similarly to incoming information coding action, sensation, or even higher level cognition such as speech and language (e.g. Ramnani, 2006; Kotz & Schwartze, 2010, 2016): (i) they simulate cortical information processing and (ii) cerebellar-thalamic output may provide a possible source for internally generated cortical activity that predicts the outcome of information processing in cortical target areas (Knolle et al., 2012; Schwartze & Kotz, 2013). I will discuss new empirical and patient evidence (motor-auditory coupling and auditory only) in support of these considerations and present an extended cortico-subcortical framework encompassing action-perception coupling, perception, and multimodal speech.

The referential value of prosody: A comparative approach to the study of animal vocal communication by Piera Filippi
2017-02-01 11:00 - 13:00 | Salle de conférences, 5 avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
The referential value of prosody: A comparative approach to the study of animal vocal communication by Piera Filippi (blri)
Recent studies addressing animal vocal communication have challenged the traditional view of meaning in animal communication as the context-specific denotation of a call. These studies have identified a central aspect of animal vocal communication in the ability to recognize the emotional state of signalers, or to trigger appropriate behaviors in response to vocalizations. This theoretical perspective is conceptually sound from an evolutionary point of view, as it assumes that, rather than merely referring to an object or an event, animals’ vocalizations are designed to trigger (intentionally, or not) reactions that may be adaptive for both listeners and signalers. Crucially, changes in emotional states may be reflected in prosodic modulation of the voice. Research focusing on the expression of emotional states through vocal signals suggests that prosodic correlates of emotional vocalizations are shared across mammalian vocal communication systems. In a recent empirical study, we showed that human participants use specific acoustic correlates (differences in fundamental frequency and spectral center of gravity) to judge the emotional content of vocalizations across amphibia, reptilia, and mammalia. These results suggest that fundamental mechanisms of vocal emotional expression are widely shared among vocalizing vertebrates and could represent an ancient signaling system. But what’s the evolutionary link between the ability to interpret emotional information in animal vocalizations and the ability for human linguistic communication? I suggest to identify this link in the ability to modulate emotional sounds to the aim to trigger behaviors within social interactions. Hence, I will emphasize the key role of the interactional value of prosody in relation to the evolution and ontogenetic development of language. Within this framework, I will report on recent empirical data on humans, showing that the prosodic modulation of the voice is dominant over verbal content and faces in emotion communication. This finding aligns with the hypothesis that prosody is evolutionarily older than the emergence of segmental articulation, and might have paved the way to its origins. Finally, implications for the study of the cognitive relationship between linguistic prosody and the ability for music, which has often been identified as the evolutionary precursor of language, will be discussed.

Learning new words: Implications for speech processing and for lexical memory by James M. McQueen
2017-01-23 14:30 - 16:00 | Salle de conférences, 5 avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
Learning new words: Implications for speech processing and for lexical memory by James M. McQueen (Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands)
lle et al., 2012; Schwartze & Kotz, 2013). I will discuss new empirical and patient evidence (motor-auditory coupling and auditory only) in support of these considerations and present an extended cortico-subcortical framework encompassing action-perception coupling, perception, and multimodal speech.
ur, Aix-en-Provence LPL
Listeners are able to recognise words in spite of considerable variation in how words are realized physically. For example, Mary may need to recognise an English word spoken by Jacques, a non-native speaker that Mary has never heard before. Evidence from behavioural (eye-tracking) and neuroscientific (EEG and fMRI) studies on novel word learning will be presented which suggests that listeners cope with the variation in spoken words through abstracting away from the episodic details of particular experienced word forms. This process can be seen in on-line speech recognition: the way a novel realization of a new word is processed is based on phonological knowledge previously abstracted from other words. The need for abstraction also shapes lexical memory: sleep-enhanced memory consolidation processes support the transfer of newly-learned words from episodic memory to long-term lexical memory, making generalization across modalities possible. Listeners can recognise, for example, newly-learned words that they have previously read but that they have never heard before.

Figures of speech in the brain: The role of metaphoricity, familiarity, concreteness, and lateralization in language comprehension by Bálint Forgács
2016-12-09 11:00 - 13:00 | Salle de conférences, 5 avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
Figures of speech in the brain: The role of metaphoricity, familiarity, concreteness, and lateralization in language comprehension by Bálint Forgács (Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception (LPP) Université Paris Descartes)
Debates are hot regarding how metaphors are related to literal language, in what steps we understand them, and how our brains deal with them. In my talk I am going to show fMRI and divided visual half field data arguing against a unique role for the right cerebral hemisphere and literal language in metaphor comprehension. If the relevant psycholinguistic factors are controlled for (such as context, emotional valence or imageability) classical left lateralized regions seem to compute not just dead, but even novel metaphors. Moreover, the latter do not seem to evoke the so called electrophysiological concreteness effect either, contrary to the claims of the strong version of embodiment. Based on the new evidence I am going to present a novel model of how the neural systems dedicated to language could compute figures of speech so swiftly and quickly, and why the lateralization debate could be viewed from a different perspective.

Man and Machine during Natural Language Processing: A Neurocognitive Approach by Chris Biemann and Markus J. Hofmann
2016-12-02 11:00 - 13:00 | Salle des voûtes, St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, Marseille, 13001, France
Man and Machine during Natural Language Processing: A Neurocognitive Approach by Chris Biemann and Markus J. Hofmann Language Technology, Universität Hamburg General and Biological Psychology, University of Wuppertal
While state-of-the-art NLP models lack a theory that systematically accounts for human performance at all levels of linguistic analysis, Neurocognitive Simulation Models of orthographic and phonological memory so far lacked a level of implemented semantic representations. To overcome these limitations, the authors of this talk decided to initiate a long-standing cooperation.

In part 1 of this talk, we introduce unsupervised methods from language technology that capture semantic information. We present a range of methods that extract semantic representation from corpora, as opposed to using manually created norms. We show how we applied language models based on n-grams, topic modelling, and the word2vec neural model across three different corpora to account for behavioral, brain-electric and eye movement data. We used a benchmark that has become standard for Neurocognitive Simulation Models in psychology: Thus we reproducibly accounted for half of the item-level variance in the cloze-completion-based word predictability from sentence context, and the resulting N400-, and single fixation duration data of the Potsdam sentence corpus.

In part 2 we discuss how relatively straightforward NLP methods can be used to define semantic processes in a neurocognitive simulation model. To extend an interactive activation model with a semantic layer, we used the log likelihood that two words occur more often together in the sentences of a large corpus than predictable by single-word frequency. The resulting Associative Read-Out Model (AROM) is an extension of the Multiple Read-Out Model. Here, we use it to account for association ratings and semantically induced false memories in human performance and P200/N400 brain-electric data. Then, we present a sequential version of the AROM accounting for primed lexical decision, and the resulting semantic competition in the left (and right!) inferior frontal gyrus of the human brain. Finally, we envision two routes of reading, complementing the form-based aspects of linguistic representations with one of the most defining feature of words: they carry meaning.

Semantic processing beyond categories: Influences of semantic richness, associations and social-communicative contexts on language production by Rasha Abdel Rahman
2016-07-01 | Salle des voûtes, St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, Marseille, 13001, France
Semantic processing beyond categories: Influences of semantic richness, associations and social-communicative contexts on language production by Rasha Abdel Rahman (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
The ultimate goal of speaking is to convey meaning. However, while semantic-categorical relations are well-investigated, little is known about other aspects of meaning processing during speech planning. In this talk I will present evidence on how message-inherent attributes, for instance, the semantic richness or emotional content of the message, shape language production. Furthermore, I will discuss the flexible nature of the language production system that can adapt to different contexts from ad-hoc relations to associations and social-communicative situations. Together, these findings demonstrate a high level of flexibility of the language production system as a basis for intimate - and thus far underinvestigated - relations between language production, emotion and social cognition.

Annotating Information Structure in Authentic Data: From Expert Annotation to Crowd Sourcing Experiments by Detmar Meurers, Kordula De Kuthy (University of Tübingen)
2016-06-10 | Salle de conférences, 5 avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
Annotating Information Structure in Authentic Data: From Expert Annotation to Crowd Sourcing Experiments by Detmar Meurers, Kordula De Kuthy (University of Tübingen)
While the formal pragmatic concepts in information structure, such as the focus of an utterance, are precisely defined in theoretical linguistics and potentially very useful in conceptual and practical terms, it has turned out to be difficult to reliably annotate such notions in corpus data (Ritz et al., 2008; Calhoun et al., 2010). We present a large-scale focus annotation effort designed to overcome this problem. Our annotation study is based on the tasked-based corpus CREG (Ott et al., 2012), which consists of answers to explicitly given reading comprehension questions. We compare focus annotation by trained annotators with a crowd-sourcing setup making use of untrained native speakers. Given the task context and an annotation process incrementally making the question form and answer type explicit, the trained annotators reach substantial agreement for focus annotation. Interestingly, the crowd-sourcing setup also supports high-quality annotation, for specific subtypes of data. To refine the crowd-sourcing setup, we introduce the Consensus Cost as a measure of agreement within the crowd. We investigate the usefulness of Consensus Cost as a measure of crowd annotation quality both intrinsically, in relation to the expert gold standard, and extrinsically, by integrating focus annotation information into a system performing Short Answer Assessment taking into account the Consensus Cost. Finally, we turn to the question whether the relevance of focus annotation can be extrinsically evaluated. We show that automatic short-answer assessment indeed significantly improves for focus annotated data.

Perceptual adaptation and speech motor control: A new perspective on some well known mechanisms by Douglas Shiller
2016-02-26 11:00 - 13:00 | Salle de conférences, 5 avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
Perceptual adaptation and speech motor control: A new perspective on some well known mechanisms by Douglas Shiller (Université de Montréal, Faculté de médecine)
Acoustic speech signals are notoriously variable within and between talkers. To aid in the linguistic decoding of such noisy signals, it is well known that listeners employ a number of perceptual mechanisms to help reduce the impact of linguistically irrelevant acoustic variation. Rapid perceptual accommodation to differences in age and gender is achieved, in part, through vowel-extrinsic normalization, whereby the immediately preceding speech signal provides a frame-of-reference within which talker-specific vowel category boundaries are determined (Ladefoged & Broadbent, 1957). Listeners also draw upon higher-order linguistic information to facilitate phonetic processing of noisy or ambiguous speech acoustic signals, as illustrated by the well-known lexical effect on perceptual category boundaries (Ganong, 1980).
Since their discovery many decades ago, these adaptive perceptual mechanisms have been considered primarily as processes supporting the decoding of ambiguous speech signals originating from other talkers. Here, I will describe two recent studies demonstrating that such adaptive processes can also alter the processing of self-generated speech acoustic signals (i.e., auditory feedback), and by extension, the sensorimotor control of speech production. The results provide strong support for the idea that short-term auditory-perceptual plasticity rapidly transfers to the sensory processes guiding speech motor function. The findings will be discussed within the context of current models of speech production, in particular those that highlight a role for auditory-feedback in the fine-tuning of predictive, feed-forward control processes.

Dissociating Prediction and Attention Components in Language by Ruth de Diego-Balaguer
2016-02-26 10:00 - 12:00 | Salle de conférences, 5 avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
Dissociating Prediction and Attention Components in Language by Ruth de Diego-Balaguer (ICREA Research Professor – Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Universitat de Barcelona)
Speech is composed of sequences of syllables, words and phrases. These elements unfold in time in specific orders. Thus, acquiring a language requires not only learning each of these representations but also their temporal organisation. The areas conforming the dorsal stream in language has been proposed to have a role in the processing of sequential information. In this talk I will present novel behavioural, developmental and neuroimaging evidence indicating that the roles of the fronto-parietal and fronto temporal connectivity within this dorsal stream can be dissociated in language learning. In addition, I will present data indicating that learning non-adjacent dependencies in language, a core mechanism for the acquisition of syntactic rules, involves both the ability to predict forthcoming elements implicitly and to endogenously orient attention based on the predictive cues learned. This type of learning implies the interface between the language and attention networks during the early stages of language acquisition.

Learning to take turns : The role of linguistic and interactional cues in children's conversation by Marisa Casillas
2016-01-22 08:00 - 17:00 | Salle de conférences, 5 avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
Learning to take turns : The role of linguistic and interactional cues in children’s conversation by Marisa Casillas (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics)
Children begin taking turns with their caregivers long before their first words emerge. But as their turns begin to change from vocalizations to true, verbal utterances, children face a major challenge in integrating linguistic cues into their previously functional non-verbal turn-taking systems. I will present an overview of children's turn-taking behaviors from infancy through young childhood and will review recent corpus and experimental work on how children's response timing is affected by linguistic planning and how their spontaneous predictions about upcoming turns change as they develop.

Analyzing, Cognitive, and Neural Modeling of Language-Related Brain Potentials by Peter Beim Graben
2015-12-15 | Salle de conférences, 5 avenue Pasteur, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
Analyzing, Cognitive, and Neural Modeling of Language-Related Brain Potentials by Peter Beim Graben (Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
How is the human language faculty neurally implemented in the brain? What are the neural correlates of linguistic computations? To which extent are neuromorphic cognitive architectures feasible and could they eventually lead to new diagnosis and treatment methods in clinical linguistics (such as linguistic prosthetics)? These questions interfacing neurolinguistics with computational linguistics and computational neuroscience are addressed by the emergent discipline of computational neurolinguistics. In my presentation I will give an overview about my own research in computational neurolinguistics in the framework of language-related brain potentials (ERPs). By means of a paradigmatic ERP experiment for the processing and resolution of local ambiguities in German [1], I first introduce a novel method to identifying ERP components such as the P600 as ""recurrence domains"" in neuronal dynamics [2]. In a second step, I use a neuro-computational approach, called ""nonlinear dynamical automaton"" NDA [1] in order to construct a context-free ""limited repair parser"" [3] for processing the linguistic stimuli of the study. Finally, I demonstrate how the time-discrete evolution of the NDA can be embedded into continuous time using winner-less competition in neural population models [4]. This leads to a representation of the automaton's configurations as recurrence domains in the neural network that can be correlated with experimentally measured ERPs through subsequent statistical modeling [5,6]

Statistical learning as an individual ability by Ram Frost
2015-12-11 | Salle des voûtes, St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, Marseille, 13001, France
Statistical learning as an individual ability by Ram Frost (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem – Department of Psychology)
Most research in Statistical Learning (SL) has focused on mean success rate of participants in detecting statistical contingencies at a group level. In recent years, however, researchers show increased interest in individual abilities in SL. What determines individuals' efficacy in detecting regularities in SL? What does it predict? Is it stable across modalities? We explore these questions by trying to understand the source of variance in performance in a visual SL task through a novel methodology. The theoretical implications for a mechanistic explanation of SL will be discussed.

How do central processes cascade into peripheral processes in written language production ? by Sonia Kandel
2015-12-03 16:00 - 18:00 | Salle des voûtes, St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, Marseille, 13001, France
How do central processes cascade into peripheral processes in written language production ? by Sonia Kandel (LPNC & Gipsa-Lab Grenoble (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS))
With the arrival of internet, tablets and smartphones many people spend more time writing than speaking (email, chat, SMS, etc.). Despite the importance of writing in our society, the studies investigating written language production are scarce. In addition, most studies investigated written production either from a central point of view (i.e., spelling processing) or a peripheral approach (i.e., motor production) without questioning their relation. We believe, instead, that central and peripheral processing cannot be investigated independently. There is a functional interaction between spelling and motor processing. Letter production does not merely depend on its shape –and its specifications for stroke order and direction– but also on the way we encode it orthographically. For example, the movements to produce letters PAR in the orthographically irregular word PARFUM (perfume) are different than in the regular word PARDON (pardon). Spelling processes cascade into motor production. The nature of the spelling processes that are activated before movement initiation will determine the way the cascade will operate during movement production. Lexical and sub-lexical processes do not spread into motor execution to the same extent.

Apes, Language and the Brain by Bill Hopkins
2015-10-23 | Salle des voûtes, St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, Marseille, 13001, France
Apes, Language and the Brain by Bill Hopkins (Georgia State University)
For more than 150 years, philosophers and scientist have pondered the uniqueness of human language with a particular fascination with the linguistic, cognitive and neural capacities of great apes. A majority of the scientific work on this topic has come from so-called ""ape-language"" studies With the advent of modern imaging technologies, the question of human language uniqueness can now be addressed from a neurological perspective. In this presentation, I discuss the neurobiology of language from the standpoint of comparative studies on the evolution of Broca's and Werncicke's areas in primates, notably chimpanzees.

If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart by Albert Costa
2015-06-26
If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart by Albert Costa
We are constantly making decisions of many different sorts. From more mundane decisions such as which clothes to wear every morning or where to go for lunch, to more relevant ones, such as whether we can afford the price of a nice holiday on a Pacific island, or whether an investment plan is too risky; decision making is an everyday life activity. It is well known that our decisions often depart from a purely rational cost benefit economical analysis, and that indeed they are biased by several factors that prompt intuitive responses that often drive the decision made. In this talk, I will describe several studies in which there is a pervasive effect of the language in which problems are presented on decision-making. These studies cover economic, moral and intellectual decisions. Together the evidence suggests that a reduction in the emotional resonance prompted by the problem leads to a reduction in the impact of intuitive processes on decision-making. This evidence not only helps to understand the forces driving decision-making, but it also has important implications for a world in which people are commonly faced with problems in a foreign language.
